Thai Language Thai Culture: Speaking Thai in Tenses

Thai Language

Thai Language Thai Culture: Speaking Thai in Tenses…

To avoid talking about the last shot I had just hit into the water on the 3rd hole last week I got to talking with my golfing partner, a former fellow English teacher, about something much more interesting than trying to find my ball, Thai grammar.

I know, you’ve heard the frequent sayings of the not-so-well-informed foreign learner of Thai that “Thai has no grammar”, or “there are no tenses in Thai.” So we got to thinking, how accurate are these statements?

I thought about all the English tenses we have (other languages have even more) like: simple present, present continuous, past, future, future continuous, present perfect, past perfect, and passive voice. Then I had one of those “ah ha” moments. I realized that you could say all of these tenses in Thai too. They just don’t stick an “ed”, an “en”, or an “ing” at the end of their verbs. They do their tenses in their own Thai way.

Verbs:

Those comments about Thai having no tenses probably comes from the fact that in English verbs change depending on their tenses, look, looked, eat, ate, eaten, etc. We have to change the verb depending on who is talking and when. In Thai the verbs themselves never change. It’s the words around them that do the changing.

Special tense words:

In Thai most tenses will require “special tense words” instead of special verb endings. These words sometimes carry their own meaning and sometimes are just there to carry a time stamp. We have listed some of them in the tense examples.

Negatives:

Sometimes the affirmative sentences and the negative sentences are formed slightly differently with special words or a different word order, so we have given examples of both.

Note: We are giving just a few verbs as examples but any Thai verb can be substituted into the patterns. The examples given are just a few of the ways to use these tenses. Thai, being a robust language, has lots of ways to say the same thing.

Let’s look at some examples about how to render these English tenses into Thai.

Simple Present tense…

In English this tense is probably misnamed. It is really the tense we use when talking about something we always do, or usually do, not something we are “doing” at this moment. In Thai it is used in this same way but it can also be used for something we are doing “now”.

Some Thai words we can use with the simple present are:

Every day: ทุกวัน /túk-wan/
Often: บ่อยๆ /bòi-bòi/
Usually: โดยปกติ /doi-bpà-gà-dt/ 

He plays football (often).  
เขาเล่นฟุตบอลบ่อยๆ
kǎo lên fút-bon (bòi-bòi)

He doesn’t play football (often).  
เขาไม่เล่นฟุตบอล (บ่อย)
kǎo mâi lên fút-bon (bòi)

I (usually) eat rice.
(โดยปกติ) ฉันทานข้าว
(doi-bpà-gà-dtì) chăn taan kâao

I (usually) don’t eat rice.   
(โดยปกติ) ฉันไม่ทานข้าว
(doi-bpà-gà-dtì) chăn mâi taan kâao

We visit our friends (every day).
  พวกเราไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (ทุกวัน)
pûuak-rao bpai yîiam pêuan (túk-wan)

We don’t visit our friends (every day).
  พวกเราไม่ไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (ทุกวัน)
pûuak-rao mâi bpai yîiam pêuan (túk-wan)

Present Continuous tense…

This is the English tense we use when talking about what we are doing “now”. In Thai we have two tenses for “now” but this one maybe gives it a little more emphasis; something like “right now”.

For the negative form use the negative of the simple present.

Some Thai words we can use with the present continuous are:

Now: ตอนนี้ /dton-née/
Right now: เดี๋ยวนี้ /dǐiao-níi/
At this time: เวลานี้ /wee-laa-níi/

Special tense word:

กำลัง /gam-lang/

He is playing football (now).  
เขากำลังเล่นฟุตบอล (ตอนนี้)
kǎo gam-lang lên fút-bon (dton-née)

I am eating (right now).   
ฉันกำลังทานข้าว (เดี๋ยวนี้)
chăn gam-lang taan kâao (dǐiao-níi)

We are visiting our friends (at this time).
(เวลานี้) พวกเรากำลังเยี่ยมเพื่อน
(wee-laa-níi) pûuak-rao gam-lang yîiam pêuan

Past tense…

English has lots of ways of expressing actions in the past. The phrase “used to” is also used for past action in English. In Thai you would need to add a word or two of explanation about when something happened.

There are lots and lots of words for the past. Some we use here are:

Already: แล้ว /láew/
This morning: เมื่อเช้านี้ /mêua cháao-née/
Used to: เคย /koie/
Yet: ยัง /yang/

Special tense words:

ได้ /dâai/
แล้ว /láew/
ยัง /yang/
เคย /koie/

He played football.   
เขาเล่นฟุตบอล
kǎo lên fút-bon

He didn’t play football. 
เขาไม่ได้เล่นฟุตบอล
kǎo mâi dâai lên fút-bon

I (already) ate.
ฉันได้ทานข้าว (แล้ว)
chăn dâai taan kâao (láew)

I didn’t eat (yet).
ฉัน (ยัง) ไม่ได้ทานข้าว
chăn (yang) mâi dâai taan kâao

We visited our friend (this morning).   
พวกเราไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (เมื่อเช้านี้)
pûuak-rao bai yîiam pêuan (mêua cháao-née)

We didn’t visit our friend (this morning).  
(เมื่อเช้านี้) พวกเราไม่ได้ไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน
(mêua cháao-née) pûuak-rao mâi dâai bai yîiam pêuan

She used to study English.
เขาเคยเรียนภาษาอังกฤษ
kǎo koie riian paa-sǎa-ang-grìt

She never studied English.
เขาไม่เคยเรียนภาษาอังกฤษ
kǎo mâi koie riian paa-sǎa-ang-grìt

Future…

For the future we will usually add a word or two to narrow the time down more accurately.
Again, there are lots of words for the future. Ones we use here are:   

When the sun shines: เมื่อแดดออก /mêua dàet-òk/

Tomorrow morning: พรุ่งนี้เช้า /prûng-née cháao/

Next week: สัปดาห์หน้า /sàp-daa-nâa

Special tense word:

จะ /jà/

He will play football (when the sun shines).
 เขาจะเล่นฟุตบอล (เมื่อแดดออก)
kǎo jà lên fút-bon (mêua dàet-òk)

  
He won’t play football (when the sun shines). 
เขาจะไม่เล่นฟุตบอล (เมื่อแดดออก)
kǎo jà mâi lên fút-bon (mêua dàet-òk)

I will eat (tomorrow morning).
ฉันจะทานข้าว (พรุ่งนี้เช้า)
chăn jà taan kâao (prûng-née cháao)

I won’t eat (tomorrow morning).
ฉันจะไม่ทานข้าว (พรุ่งนี้เช้า)
chăn jà mâi taan kâao (prûng-née cháao)

We will visit our friend (next week).
 พวกเราจะไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (สัปดาห์หน้า)
pûuak-rao jà bai yîiam pêuan (sàp-daa-nâa)

We won’t visit our friend (next week). 
พวกเราจะไม่ไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (สัปดาห์หน้า)
pûuak-rao jà mâi bai yîiam pêuan (sàp-daa-nâa)

Future continuous…

In English we make ample use of the words “going” and “going to” or we just add an “ing” to the verb. Thai is almost that simple and usually indicates something we are just about to do.

For the negative use the regular future tense negative.

Special tense word:

กำลังจะ /gam-lang jà/

He is going to (just about to) play football. 
เขากำลังจะเล่นฟุตบอล
kǎo gam-lang jà lên fút-bon

I am going to (just about to) eat.
ฉันกำลังจะทานข้าว
chăn gam-lang jà taan kâao

We are going to (just about to) visit our friends.
พวกเรากำลังจะไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน
pûuak-rao gam-lang jà bai yîiam pêuan

Present Perfect tense:

The English present perfect tense is used for some action in the past that could already have been completed or may still be going on. It would sometimes require additional words as explanation of when something occurred. Thai would almost always need words in the sentence that would explain it more fully.

Some time words we used here are:

Many times: บ่อยครั้ง /bòi kráng/

Already today: วันนี้… แล้ว /wan-née … láew/

Throughout the week: ตลอดสัปดาห์ /dtàlòt sàp-daa/

For … years: … ปีแล้ว /… bpii láew/

This week: อาทิตย์นี้ /aa-tít-níi/

Special tense words:

ได้ /dâai/
เคย /koie/
แล้ว /láew/
ยัง /yang/

He has played football (many times). 
เขาเล่นฟุตบอล (บ่อยครั้ง)
kǎo lên fút-bol (bòi kráng)

He has never played football.
เขาไม่เคยเล่นฟุตบอล
kǎo mâi koie lên fút-bol

I have eaten (already) today.
วันนี้ฉันทานข้าว (แล้ว)
wan-née chăn taan kâao (láew)

I haven’t eaten (yet) today.
วันนี้ฉัน (ยัง) ไม่ได้ทานข้าว
wan-née chăn (yang) mâi dâai taan kâao

We have visited our friends (throughout the week).  
พวกเราไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน (ตลอดสัปดาห์)
pûuak-rao bai yîiam pêuan (dtàlòt sàp-daa)

(This week) we haven’t visited our friends. 
(อาทิตย์นี้) พวกเราไม่ได้ไปเยี่ยมเพื่อน
(aa-tít-níi) pûuak-rao mâi dâai bai yîiam pêuan

She has studied English (for five years).
เขา (เคย) เรียนภาษาอังกฤษ (ห้าปีแล้ว)
kǎo (koie) riian paa-sǎa-ang-grìt (hâa bpii láew)

She has never studied English.
เขาไม่เคยเรียนภาษาอังกฤษ
kǎo mâi koie riian paa-sǎa ang-grìt

Past Perfect tense…

The past perfect is one of those tenses that English could probably do without (and is almost impossible to teach to Thai students) since we have other ways of saying the same thing. It is usually used when one thing happened in the past before another. In Thai we will need to explain a bit.

The time words used here are:

Before he ran, before running: ก่อนวิ่ง /gòn wîng/

Then we met: แล้วเราเจอกัน /láew rao jəə-gan/

He became ill: เขาเริ่มไม่สบาย /kǎo rêrm mâi-sà~baai/

Before she could speak well: ก่อนที่เขาพูดเก่ง /gòn ti kǎo pûut gèng/

Special tense words:

เคย /koie/
แล้ว /láew/
ก่อน /gòn/
หลังจาก /lǎng-jàak/

He had kicked the ball (before he ran, before running).
เขาเตะลูกบอล (ก่อนวิ่ง, ก่อนเขาวิ่ง)
kǎo dtè lôok bon (gòn wîng, gòn kǎo wîng)

I had eaten (and then we met)
ฉันทานข้าว (แล้วเราเจอกัน)
chăn taan kâao (láew rao jəə-gan)

We had already visited our friend (when he became ill).
 หลังจากพวกเราเยี่ยมเพื่อนแล้ว (เขาเริ่มไม่สบาย)
lǎng-jàak pûuak-rao yîiam pêuan láew (kǎo rêrm mâi-sà~baai)

She had studied English for 5 years (before she could speak well). 
เขา (เคย) เรียนภาษาอังกฤษห้าปี (ก่อนเขาพูดเก่ง)
kǎo (koie) riian paa-sǎa-ang-grìt hâa bpee (gòn kǎo pûut gèng)

Passive Voice…

This is always a fun tense to use. Children (and some adults) use it to direct attention away from themselves and something “they did” and make it something that “was done” (by someone). “I hit the golf ball into the water” becomes “the golf ball was hit into the water (by me).” “I stole the money” becomes “the money was stolen (by me)”, etc. Thai has some neat ways to produce this pattern but as in English not every verb is a candidate for the passive voice (“English was studied by me”, is not a really great sentence, is it?)

The one word most often used in English with the passive voice is “by” to indicate who was doing the action. Thai also uses it.

By: โดย /doi/

Special tense words:

ถูก /tùuk/
โดน /dohn/

The ball was kicked.
ลูกบอลถูกเตะ
lôok bon tùuk dtè

The ball wasn’t kicked.
ลูกบอลไม่ถูกเตะ
lôok bon mâi tùuk dtè

He was struck (by the ball). 
เขาโดนกระแทก (โดยลูกบอล)
kǎo dohn gràtâek (doi lôok bon)

He wasn’t struck (by the ball). 
เขาไม่โดนกระแทก (โดยลูกบอล)
kǎo mâi dohn gràtâek (doi lôok bon)

Tenses simplified…

For us just getting used to speaking Thai in different tenses there is a less sophisticate but a pretty easy way to say just about all we need to say. Just use the verb and add some time words after it if you need to be more specific. Every tense starts out the same way.

I eat (every day)
ผมทานข้าว (ทุกวัน)
pǒm taan kâao (túk-wan)

I don’t eat (every day)
ผมไม่ทานข้าว (ทุกวัน)
pǒm mâi taan kâao (túk-wan)

I ate (yesterday)
ผมทานข้าว (เมื่อวานนี้)
pǒm taan kâao (mêua-waan-née)

I didn’t eat (yesterday)
ผมไม่ทานข้าว (เมื่อวานนี้)
pǒm mâi taan kâao (mêua-waan-née)

I will eat (tomorrow).
ผมทานข้าว (พรุ่งนี้)
pǒm taan kâao (prûng-níi)

I won’t eat (tomorrow).
ผมไม่ทานข้าว (พรุ่งนี้)
pǒm mâi taan kâao (prûng-níi)

I’ve already eaten.
ผมทานข้าว (แล้ว)
pǒm taan kâao (láew)

I haven’t eaten (yet).
ผม (ยัง) ไม่ทานข้าว
pǒm (yang) mâi taan kâao (láew)

So the next time someone says to you that Thai has no tenses, you might beg to differ.

This was written by Hugh Leong.
นี่เขียนโดยฮีวลีออง
nîi kǐian doi Hugh Leong

And hopefully you’ve read it.
และหวังว่าคุณได้อ่านแล้ว
láe wăng wâa kun dâai àan láew

I’d like to thank Ajarn Mia (Learn2SpeakThai) who checked the Thai for accuracy and Khun Pairoj who recorded the audio.

Hugh Leong
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Thai Language Thai Culture: Speaking Thai in Tenses